Glycemic and insulin metabolism testing of arabinoxylan-enriched bread
Other disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion
During the study visits, participants will be given either bread or a glucose solution. The 10 test breads will vary in fiber content, and each type of bread will be consumed once on separate occasions. Each portion will provide either 25 g or 50 g of available carbohydrates. The reference food will be glucose solution. Sealed Envelope software will be used to randomise participants to determine which dietary intervention they will be given for the first study period. Each participant will be randomized to 5 of the 10 test breads. Participants will attend a total of six study visits. Blood samples will be collected to assess blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels.
1. Age between 18-65 years (inclusive) 2. Body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m2 3. Willingness and ability to give written informed consent and willingness and ability to understand, to participate and to comply with the study requirements.
1. Screening blood results outside of normal reference values 2. Weight change of > = 5kg in the preceding 2 months 3. Current smokers 4. History of substance abuse and/or excess alcohol intake 5. Pregnancy 6. Diabetes 7. Cardiovascular disease 8. Cancer 9. Gastrointestinal disease e.g. inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome 11. Kidney disease 12. Liver disease 13. Pancreatitis 14. Having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 15. Started new medication within the last 3 months likely to interfere with energy metabolism, appetite regulation and hormonal balance, including anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids, antibiotics, androgens, phenytoin, erythromycin or thyroid hormones. 16. Subjects who are currently participating in other clinical trials 17. Any blood donation within the 12 week period prior to entering this study 18. Subjects who are unable to give informed consent by themselves