The Effect of Superficial Parasternal Intercostal Plane Catheter Analgesia Following Sternotomy in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery on Postoperative Pain: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery performed via sternotomy (incision of the breastbone) can cause severe pain after surgery; this can slow recovery and increase the need for opioid pain relievers. This study investigates whether placing a catheter to deliver a local anesthetic to the superficial parasternal intercostal plane reduces pain following this type of heart surgery. Patients undergoing CABG via sternotomy will be randomly assigned to either the catheter-based analgesia group or the standard pain management group. The researchers will compare postoperative pain levels and analgesic medication requirements between the two groups to determine whether this technique improves postoperative pain control.
Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery will be included. Patients will be divided into two groups: the block group, in which a bilateral superficial parasternal plexus catheter will be inserted, and the control group, in which no parasternal plexus block or catheter will be administered. In the block group, the catheter placement will be performed after completion of the surgery and before the patient is transferred to the ICU, under ultrasound guidance (Venue Go, GE, L4-T12 high-frequency linear probe). The probe will be positioned transversely across the costal cartilage, parallel to the sternum, in a parasagittal orientation at the level of 3rd rib. A 5-cm Tuohy needle will be inserted 2 cm lateral to the midline and advanced between the pectoralis major and external intercostal muscles at the third parasternal intercostal space. Needle tip position will be confirmed by negative aspiration for blood or air, followed by injection of 20 mL of bupivacaine 0.2% into the parasternal plane. Correct needle position will be confirmed by visualization of local anesthetic spread and hydrodissection separating the pectoralis major from the ribs and external intercostal muscles. A catheter (Tuohy Ultra-360 18G, B. Braun Contiplex, 400 mm) will then be placed into the parasternal intercostal space. Catheter position will be confirmed by ultrasound visualization of spread of 10 mL saline, after which the catheter will be secured. The procedure will be performed bilaterally. Postoperatively, 20 mL of bupivacaine 0.2% will be administered by the clinician through each parasternal catheter at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours. Catheters will be removed by the clinician at 72 hours. Catheter-related complications, including bleeding, infection, and dislocation, will be recorded. In the control group, no parasternal plexus block or catheter will be placed. Intraoperative anesthesia technique will be identical in both groups. All patients will be admitted to the ICU orotracheally intubated and will be extubated in the ICU rather than in the operating room. Pain nurses will assess all patients every 12 hours for 72 hours postoperatively. At each visit, pain score will be recorded using the Visual Analog Scale, where 0 corresponds to no pain and 10 corresponds to worst pain, assessed both at rest and during movement. Postoperative opioid consumption will be monitored via a patient-controlled analgesia device. The Morphine PCA solution will be prepared at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, with no background infusion, a bolus dose of 1 mL, and a lockout interval of 15 minutes. Additional (rescue) opioid analgesic requirements will be recorded by pain monitoring nurses. Rescue analgesia in both groups will consist of tramadol 1 mg/kg administered intravenously. Patients' heart rhythm will be monitored continuously via telemetry throughout their hospital stay. Atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation, will be recorded throughout the hospital stay. Nausea, vomiting, and constipation will be recorded for 72 hours postoperatively. Patient satisfaction will be assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 corresponds to strongly not satisfied and 5 corresponds to strongly satisfied. Hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, and time to extubation in the ICU will be recorded for both groups.
Inclusion Criteria: \- Adult patients with coronary artery disease scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Exclusion Criteria: * Under 18 years of age * ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Class V patients * Non-elective emergency cases * Patient refusal to participate in the study * Language barrier * Patients who have previously undergone sternotomy * History of significant psychiatric disorders * Patients with known long-term opioid use * Patients with potential contraindications to nerve blocks (bleeding diathesis, infection, and allergy to local anesthetics) * Patients with an ejection fraction \<40% * Patients with right ventricular systolic dysfunction (patients with TAPSE \<1.8 cm) * Patients with a left atrial diameter \>4 cm * Patients with severe valvular heart disease * Patients undergoing concomitant valvular heart surgery * Patients with a history of atrial flutter and/or atrial fibrillation
[{"measure":"Cumulative opioid consumption at 24 hours post-operatively (mg morphine equivalent).","timeFrame":"Postoperative 24 hours"}]